I'll preface/"credential" with I was/am a new shooter/owner. I spent A LOT of time and money on firearms, parts, training in the last year so I skilled up rather quickly. But it's a big world with so much to learn and experience. I have plenty of "if I had to do it all over again" opinions and I think getting a rifle at this point is a good next step. I was thinking pretty much the same as you and landed on a
Springfield Saint Victor 5.56 (there's also one in .308) for my first carbine.
It currently retails for ~$1100-1300. Even though I've picked up/built some more premium rifles since, I still use it regularly. It ran great out of the box while allowing to upgrade and learn about the AR-15 and direct-inpingement platform. The only issue I've had was having one of my handguard screws fall out so I'd recommend loctiting those.
I see it in-stock regularly at most stores and if you can't find it (or any other CA compliant rifles)
@WBT Guns has a great selection.
https://wbtguns.com/rifles
Also, consider getting a complete Glock 17 (9mm) upper or .40 to 9mm conversion barrel for your G40.
For EDC, consider the Sig P365 X-Macro. I've shot all of those guns you listed and the X-Macro is the best imo. You can also change parts around to make it a Fuse (full-size), X-Macro/XL (compact/carry size), standard P365 (sub-compact). The Echelon has similar modularity but the aftermarket/OEM parts system still isn't quite there.